Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) – 32 nations without direct sea access – face steep economic and trade hurdles. With transport costs 1.4 times higher than coastal states, 82% of their exports are unprocessed commodities, and GDP levels average 20% lower.…
Introduction The Vienna Programme of Action (VPoA) for Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) aims to promote rapid and inclusive economic development among LLDCs. The VPoA prioritizes several key areas, including regional integration and cooperation, structural economic transformation, and means of implementation.…