GLOBAL SOUTH COUNTRIES TRADE / INDUSTRIAL POLICY FROM 2000 – 2024
- Afghanistan 1919 (full independence from the UK) about the economy – Fragile economy heavily reliant on agriculture and international aid. High poverty and security challenges. trade policy title: “Promoting Inclusive Growth through Trade Competitiveness” 2019
- Angola 1975 (full independence from Portugal) Resource-rich economy, heavily dependent on oil. Efforts to diversify the economy are ongoing. Trade Policy Framework By the UN Trade And Development 2015
- Argentina 1816 (full independence from Spain) Upper-middle-income economy with rich natural resources. Periodic economic challenges and inflation. 1. “Foreign Trade Policy in the Argentine Automotive Industry: An Analysis of the Business Power of its Actors and their Influence over the State . 2. “TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by ARGENTINA”
- Armenia 1991 (full independence from the Soviet Union) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on agriculture, mining, and technology. Economic growth has been affected by geopolitical tensions—Trade Policy Review Reported by the Secretariat Armenia 2010.
- Botswana 1966 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a stable democracy. Reliant on diamond mining but diversifying into services and manufacturing. Trade policies focused on regional integration and export promotion. Industrial policies encourage diversification and value addition. BOTSWANA TRADE POLICY FRAMEWORK 2016
- The Bahamas 1973 (full independence from the UK) High-income economy with a focus on tourism, financial services, and shipping. Economic growth is supported by tourism and foreign investment. The Bahamas National Trade Policy Draft for consultation 07 February 2022
- Barbados 1966 (full independence from the UK) High-income economy with a focus on tourism, financial services, and agriculture. Vulnerable to external shocks and high debt levels. “TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by the Secretariat BARBADOS Revision Report by the Secretariat BARBADOS” 16-Dec-08
- Belize 1981 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and oil. Economic growth supported by tourism and agricultural exports. “THE NATIONAL TRADE POLICY” 2019-2030
- Brunei 1984 (full independence from the UK) High-income economy with a focus on oil and gas. Economic growth supported by oil and gas exports and government spending. “TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by BRUNEI DARUSSALAM” 2008
- Colombia 1810 (full independence from Spain) Upper-middle-income economy with diverse sectors including agriculture, mining, and services. Challenges include inequality and drug-related violence. “Industrial Policies in Colombia” June 2010
- China Various (last major dynasty fell in 1912) Largest emerging economy, significant global player. Rapid industrialization and urbanization. “CHINA’S TRADE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND TRADE POLICY REFORMS 2015.
- Cameroon 1960 (full independence from France) Lower-middle-income economy with a mix of agriculture, oil, and services. Infrastructure deficits and political instability hinder growth. “Trade and Investment Policy Reforms in Cameroon: Impact Assessment and Perspectives 2006”
- Chad 1960 (full independence from France) Low-income economy with agriculture and oil production as major sectors. Ongoing conflict and political instability hamper economic growth. “TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by the Secretariat Chad 2007.
- Dominica 1978 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and services. Vulnerable to natural disasters and external shocks. Trade policies aimed at promoting tourism, agriculture, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by DOMINICA 2007
- Egypt 1922 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with a diverse economic base. Population growth and unemployment are key challenges. Trade policies geared towards export promotion, and industrial policies aimed at diversification and modernization. Trade Policy Review Egypt Report by the Secretariat 2005.
- Ecuador 1830 (full independence from Gran Colombia) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on oil, agriculture, and tourism. Economic stability challenged by political volatility. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on sectors like oil, agriculture, and manufacturing. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by ECUADOR 2011
- Fiji 1970 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and services. Vulnerable to natural disasters and political instability. Trade policies aimed at promoting tourism, agriculture, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience. Fijian Trade Policy Framework 2015
- Ghana 1957 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with a focus on agriculture, mining, and services. Political stability and infrastructure development are key priorities. Trade policies aimed at export diversification, industrial policies focus on sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and services. GHANA’S TRADE POLICY FRAMEWORK 2015
- Guinea 1958 (full independence from France) Lower-middle-income economy with agriculture as a dominant sector. Rich in mineral resources, but political instability and corruption hamper development. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by GUINEA 2011.
- Guyana 1966 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with significant natural resources, including oil and gold. Economic growth is supported by resource extraction, but challenges of governance and poverty persist. Trade policies aimed at promoting resource exports. Industrial policies focus on diversification and poverty reduction. TRADE POLICY REVIEW GUYANA Report by the Secretariat October 2003
- Haiti 1804 (full independence from France) Low-income economy with agriculture as the primary sector. Vulnerable to natural disasters and political instability. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW HAITI Report by the Government
- Honduras 1821 (full independence from Spain) Lower-middle-income economy with agriculture and textiles as major sectors. Economic growth is hampered by poverty and political instability. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW HONDURAS 2003
- India 1947 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with a large and diverse population. The growing service sector, but significant poverty persists. Trade policies aiming at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on sectors like IT, manufacturing, and agriculture. INDIA’S TRADE POLICY DILEMMA AND THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC REFORM Feb 2017.
- Indonesia 1945 (full independence from the Netherlands) Upper-middle-income economy with abundant natural resources. Challenges include infrastructure and inequality. Trade policies geared towards export promotion, and industrial policies to support manufacturing and resource-based industries. The Indonesia Economy Trade and Industrial Policies 2018
- Iran 1935 (full independence from Persia) Middle-income economy with significant oil reserves. Economic sanctions have impacted growth. Trade policies are influenced by sanctions, industrial policies aim at diversification and self-sufficiency. IRAN TRADE REGULATIONS Novemeber 2020
- Kiribati 1979 (full independence from the UK) Low-income economy with a focus on fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. Vulnerable to climate change and sea-level rise. Industrial policies focus on diversification and climate resilience. Kiribati Industrial Policy 31-Oct-2023
- Kenya 1963 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with diverse agriculture and tourism sectors. Infrastructure and corruption are challenges. Trade policies aim at export promotion, industrial policies focus on sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and services. KENYA NATIONAL TRADE POLICY 2009
- Lesotho 1966 (from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with a focus on agriculture, textiles, and mining. Vulnerable to external shocks and high unemployment. Trade policies aimed at promoting agriculture, textiles, and mining. Industrial policies focus on diversification and job creation. Lesotho National Trade Policy Framework 2021
- Liberia 1847 (full independence founded by freed American slaves) Low-income economy with a focus on agriculture and mining. Economic recovery efforts ongoing after civil war and Ebola outbreak. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. LIBERIA NATIONAL TRADE POLICY 2014
- Mexico 1821 (full independence from Spain) Upper-middle-income economy with diverse industries. Trade relationship with the US significant. Trade policies influenced by NAFTA and other trade agreements, industrial policies aiming at competitiveness and modernization. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by MEXICO 2008
- Malaysia 1957 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a diverse industrial base. Export-oriented economy with a focus on electronics, petroleum, and palm oil. Trade policies aimed at promoting exports, industrial policies focus on sectors like electronics, manufacturing, and services. Trade Policy Review Malaysia Report by the Secretariat 2005.
- Morocco 1956 (full independence from France and Spain) Upper-middle-income economy with diverse sectors including agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. Economic reforms have attracted foreign investment. Trade policies aimed at promoting exports, industrial policies focus on sectors like manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism. Foreign Trade Policy In Morocco: A Broad Assessment May 2008
- Madagascar 1960 (full independence from France) Lower-middle-income economy heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly vanilla and cloves production. Political instability and poverty are challenges. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. Trade Policy Review Report by the Secretariat Madagascar 2008.
- Mali 1960 (full independence from France) Low-income economy with agriculture as the primary sector. Vulnerable to climate change and political instability. Trade policies aimed at promoting exports, industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW MALI Report by the Government 2004
- Mozambique 1975 (full independence from Portugal) Low-income economy with agriculture as the main sector. Rich in natural resources but recovering from years of conflict. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW MOZAMBIQUE Report by the Government 2000
- Malawi 1964 (full independence from the UK) Low-income economy with agriculture as the primary sector. Economic growth constrained by poverty, HIV/AIDS, and infrastructure deficits. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. MALAWI GOVERNMENT National Trade Policy March, 2016.
- Mauritania 1960 (full independence from France) Low-income economy focusing on agriculture, fisheries, and mining. Economic development is hampered by desertification and political instability. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. Trade Policy Review Mauritania Report by the Secretariat 2002.
- Maldives 1965 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, fishing, and services. Vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change. Trade policies aimed at promoting tourism, fishing, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience. TRADE POLICY REVIEW MALDIVES 2002.
- Micronesia 1986 (full independence from the US-administered UN Trusteeship) Lower-middle-income economy with a focus on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and services. Vulnerable to external shocks and climate change. Trade policies aimed at promoting agriculture, fishing, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience. THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA TRADE POLICY 2011
- Nicaragua 1821 (full independence from Spain) Lower-middle-income economy with agriculture, textiles, and tourism as major sectors. Vulnerable to natural disasters and political instability. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by NICARAGUA 2012
- Nigeria 1960 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with significant oil reserves. Corruption and infrastructure challenges persist. Trade policies are influenced by oil exports, industrial policies aim at diversification, and local production capacity. “Trade policy of Nigeria 2023-2027″
- Papua New Guinea 1975 (full independence from Australia) Lower-middle-income economy with a focus on mining, agriculture, and forestry. Economic growth supported by resource extraction, but challenges of governance and poverty persist. Trade policies aimed at promoting resource exports. Industrial policies focus on diversification and poverty reduction. PAPUA NEW GUINEA TRADE POLICY FRAMEWORK 2006
- Peru 1821 (full independence from Spain) Upper-middle-income economy with a diverse economy including mining, agriculture, and services. Challenges include income inequality and informal economy. Trade policies aimed at promoting exports, industrial policies focus on sectors like mining, agriculture, and manufacturing. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by PERU
- Pakistan 1947 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with agriculture as a significant sector. Energy and security issues impact growth. Trade policies geared towards export promotion, industrial policies focus on sectors like textiles, agriculture, and manufacturing. Pakistan’s Trade Policies 2011.
- South Africa 1910 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with diversified sectors. High inequality and unemployment remain challenges. Trade policies influenced by regional and international agreements, industrial policies focus on sectors like mining, manufacturing, and services. A South African Trade policy and strategy Framework May 2010
- Saudi Arabia 1932 (full independence from the UK) High-income economy heavily reliant on oil exports. Economic diversification efforts underway. Trade policies influenced by oil exports, industrial policies aim at diversification and modernization. TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA 2011
- Sierra Leone 1961 (full independence from the UK) Low-income economy with a focus on agriculture and mining. Economic recovery efforts ongoing after civil war and Ebola outbreak. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. TRADE POLICY REVIEW SIERRA LEONE Report by the Secretariat 2005.
- Samoa 1962 (full independence from New Zealand) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and services. Vulnerable to natural disasters and external shocks. Trade policies aimed at promoting tourism, agriculture, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience. TRADE POLICY REVIEW REPORT BY SAMOA 2019.
- Tonga 1970 (full independence from the UK) Upper-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and services. Vulnerable to natural disasters and external shocks. Trade policies aimed at promoting tourism, agriculture, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience. TRADE POLICY REVIEW REPORT BY TONGA 2021
- Tajikistan 1991 (full independence from the Soviet Union) Lower-middle-income economy with a focus on agriculture, mining, and hydropower. Economic growth has been constrained by political instability and external shocks. Trade policies aimed at export promotion and integration into regional markets. Trade Policy of the Republic of Tajikistan October 28, 2012
- Thailand Never colonized an Upper-middle-income economy with a diverse industrial base. Export-oriented economy with a focus on automotive, electronics, and tourism. Trade policies aimed at promoting exports, and industrial policies focus on sectors like automotive, electronics, and tourism. Thailand’s International Trade Policies 2013
- Uganda 1962 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with agriculture as a dominant sector. Rapid population growth presents economic challenges. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, industrial policies focus on agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure development. NATIONAL TRADE POLICY Trading Out of Poverty, Into Wealth and Prosperity 2008.
- Vanuatu 1980 (full independence from France and the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and services. Vulnerable to natural disasters and external shocks. Trade policies aimed at promoting tourism, agriculture, and services. Industrial policies focus on diversification and resilience “VANUATU GOVERNMENT | 2012 | TRADE POLICY FRAMEWORK”
- Venezuela 1811 (full independence from Spain) Upper-middle-income economy with significant oil reserves. Economic crises and political instability have led to hyperinflation. Trade policies influenced by oil exports, and industrial policies focus on diversification and self-sufficiency. Trade Policy Review Venezuela Report by the Secretariat 2002.
- Zimbabwe 1980 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with agriculture as a dominant sector. Economic challenges include hyperinflation and political instability. Trade policies aimed at export promotion, and industrial policies focus on agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. “Zimbabwe national trade policy vision and export promotion strategy towards the vision 2030 national agenda“
- Zambia 1964 (full independence from the UK) Lower-middle-income economy with copper mining as a major sector. Economic diversification efforts ongoing, but challenges include debt and governance. Trade policies aimed at promoting exports, industrial policies focus on mining, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Zambia National Trade Policy 2018